Pages: 31

This chapter introduces the core concepts of thermodynamics, a field that examines the interplay between physical properties of substances and energy transformation. It outlines the book's scope and discusses fundamental genres and units of physical quantities. Key focuses include distinguishing between Macroscopic/Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics, defining systems and their boundaries, and understanding critical measurable quantities like pressure, volume, and temperature. This foundational knowledge paves the way for deeper exploration into thermodynamic principles.

Pages: 32

This chapter focuses on the First Law of Thermodynamics, a pivotal principle in physics and engineering, often referred to as the energy balance or energy equation. It lays the groundwork for any thermal analysis, emphasizing the fundamental principle of the first law. Readers will learn to distinguish between work and heat interactions and internal energy. The chapter also guides in applying the first law to analyze energy and mass balance in closed systems, and in identifying and estimating different types of work. This understanding is crucial for mastering energy dynamics in thermodynamic systems.

Pages: 28

This chapter discusses the concepts of ideal and perfect gases, providing insights into their theoretical models and assumptions. It begins by exploring the ideal gas model, a simplified approach to understanding gas behavior, and then introduces the concept of a perfect gas, which includes additional assumptions for further simplification. The chapter delves into the reversible adiabatic process for a perfect gas, examining the characteristics of various processes under these simplified models. By the end of this chapter, readers should be able to understand the quantitative relationships between temperature, volume, and pressure in the ideal gas model and comprehend the specific heat of an ideal gas.

Pages: 60

This chapter focuses on the study of pure substances, phase change materials, and real gases, which are crucial as working fluids in engineering devices. It starts by examining pure substances, defined by their uniform chemical composition, and analyzes how their properties change with temperature and pressure variations. The chapter then shifts to phase change materials, emphasizing their unique ability to transition between states, such as from liquid to gas. Key to this discussion are property plots like p-υ, p-T, T-ρ, p-h, and T-u diagrams, which graphically represent the relationships between different material properties. The chapter concludes with an exploration of real gases, discussing how to model them effectively. Upon completing this chapter, readers should understand the different phases of matter and their transitions, be adept at using thermodynamic diagrams for substance behavior analysis, explain the specific heat of real gases, recognize the deviations of real gases from ideal gas models, and compute pressure or volume of real gases using various models. Numerous code snippets integrating Maple with COOLProp, and TilMedia are furnished for enhanced functionality.

Pages: 24

This chapter discusses the application of the First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Energy Conservation, to various engineering devices. It begins with an examination of nozzles and diffusers, integral to systems like jet engines and steam turbines. The chapter then explores turbines, compressors, and pumps, highlighting their role in energy conversion and fluid transport. The chapter also introduces the Bernoulli Equation, a derivative of the First Law, essential for fluid flow analysis. Further, it covers heat exchangers, focusing on how the First Law influences their design for efficient heat transfer. Lastly, it delves into the energy analysis of unsteady processes, such as the charging and discharging of a vessel, vital in various engineering systems. Upon completion, readers should be able to apply the First Law in analyzing engineering devices and understand its role in charging and discharging processes.

Pages: 19

This chapter focuses on the Second Law of Thermodynamics, a fundamental principle that dictates the direction of heat transfer and sets the boundaries for energy conversion efficiency. The chapter begins with a historical perspective on thermal machines, leading to the introduction of the Carnot engine, a model of ideal efficiency. It then explores various formulations of the Second Law, culminating in an explanation of the Kelvin temperature scale's relevance in thermodynamic processes. Upon completion, readers should be able to articulate different statements of the Second Law, understand the concept of perpetual-motion machines and their theoretical limitations, analyze Carnot principles, and apply the Second Law to assess the efficiency and performance of cycles and cyclic devices, while also grasping the concepts of equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics.

Pages: 37

This chapter discusses entropy, a key concept in thermodynamics for understanding process directionality and system efficiency. It delves into the behavior of entropy in both open and closed systems, emphasizing the irreversibility of real-world processes. The chapter also covers entropy variations in incompressible substances and during phase changes, and concludes with an overview of the Mollier diagram, a valuable tool for illustrating the relationships between various thermodynamic properties. Upon completion, readers should be able to formulate entropy balances for different systems, estimate entropy changes in various cases, and effectively utilize the enthalpy-entropy (Mollier) diagram.

Pages: 31

The Second Law of Thermodynamics’ practical applications are the main topic of this chapter, which also examines how it affects conversion efficiency limits and the directionality of energy transmission. In order to improve thermodynamic process efficiency, the Second Law will be applied after first looking at the efficacy and efficiency of the processes. After that, the chapter covers polytropic compression and expansion work, which is necessary for understanding the gas compression and expansion in a variety of engineering applications. It then explores the Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies, which show how they relate to the Second Law by indicating the maximum work extractable under constant conditions. The chapter also discusses the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation, an important equation for phase transition analysis that sheds light on the interactions between temperature and vapor pressure during phase transitions. The chapter concludes with an examination of the sublimation process, illustrating how the Second Law might be used to model this particular phase transition. After finishing, readers should be able to apply the Second Law to thermodynamic process analysis, and understand the Joule-Thompson expansion process.

Pages: 24

This chapter discusses the concept of exergy in the context of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that not all energy in a system can be converted into work due to entropy increase. Exergy represents the portion of a system's energy that can be transformed into work in an ideal, reversible process. The chapter aims to equip readers with the ability to explain exergy and the concept of reversible work, emphasizing their importance in thermodynamic analysis. It also focuses on assessing the performance of engineering devices using Second Law principles and applying the exergy balance principle to closed systems and control volumes. This will enable an understanding of the potential for useful work and the quantification of wasted work in various engineering applications.

Pages: 34

This chapter focuses on the process of converting heat energy into electrical energy, a fundamental operation in power generation. It details how heat is used to generate vapor, which is then directed at high pressure towards turbine blades, transforming heat energy first into mechanical energy and subsequently into electrical energy. The chapter aims to enable readers to evaluate the performance of power cycles, assess their efficiency using the Second Law of Thermodynamics, enhance the thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle, modify Rankine vapor power cycles (including reheat and regenerative cycles) for improved efficiency, and analyze the organic Rankine cycle. The TilMedia software code is showcased for the advanced analysis of Organic Rankine Cycles.

Pages: 40

This chapter discusses gas power cycles, essential in engines and power generation systems. It begins with an exploration of the fluids used in these cycles, understanding their properties and impact on cycle performance. The chapter then examines various fuels, the energy source for gas power cycles, and how their properties affect cycle operation and efficiency. It introduces the air standard assumption, a simplification in cycle analysis, and discusses its implications. The chapter further delves into the geometrical features of reciprocating engines and specific gas power cycles like the Otto, Diesel, and Seiliger cycles, foundational to internal combustion engines. It also covers engine power dynamics, factors influencing power output and efficiency, and gas turbine cycles, including the Brayton cycle and its variations. The chapter concludes with a discussion on engine performance and fuel design, exploring how these elements affect engine efficiency.

Pages: 19

This chapter discusses the application of thermodynamics in transferring heat from lower to higher temperatures, a process central to refrigeration. It delves into the workings of refrigeration units, particularly focusing on the vapor-compression cycle, where refrigerants undergo phases of vaporization, condensation, and compression. The chapter also touches on gas refrigeration, where the refrigerant remains gaseous. The primary focus is on refrigerants and the vapor compression cycle. Upon completion, readers should be able to evaluate the Coefficient of Performance (COP) for basic vapor compression refrigeration systems, assess factors influencing the choice of refrigerants for specific applications, and gain knowledge about eco-friendly refrigerants to minimize environmental impact.

Pages: 37

This chapter is devoted to gas mixtures at temperatures higher than their critical points. It is particularly important to instances in which condensed mixed gases might occur in two-phase mixtures. This is especially relevant in the air conditioning business, where careful and fast calculations are needed. The chapter introduces the psychrometric chart, an important tool for air conditioning system design, that assists with the study of air-water combinations. After finishing, readers will be able to distinguish between wet and dry air, compute the characteristics of both atmospheric and dry air, comprehend the concept of thermal comfort, and utilize a psychrometric chart to accurately calculate the parameters of an air conditioning system. Both TilMedia and COOLProp code exhibited for problem solutions.

Pages: 21

This chapter discusses the fundamental principles of combustion thermodynamics, focusing on the role of oxygen in combustion processes. It explores how oxygen's involvement affects the energy released during combustion and examines the impact of air quantity on the completeness and efficiency of combustion. The chapter also covers the analysis of combustion products, providing insights into their composition and environmental implications. Additionally, it delves into the heating value of solid or liquid fuels, a key measure of energy release, and concludes with a specific focus on coal combustion, discussing its unique characteristics and combustion challenges. Upon completion, readers should understand oxygen's role in combustion, be able to write balanced chemical reaction equations, comprehend terms like excess air and equivalence ratio, and calculate the heating value of a blend of fuels.

Pages: 19

The equilibria of mixes and pure components are covered in this chapter, with an emphasis on the laws determining equilibrium states. The combined First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics are examined first. The Gibbs-Duhem Equation, a vital thermodynamic connection that links the chemical potentials in a mixture, is then introduced in this chapter. The idea of fugacity is then discussed, emphasizing its use as a gauge of a substance's propensity to escape from a solution. This includes discussions of fugacity in saturated liquid, phase-changing states, and gaseous states. Methods for calculating fugacity, such as using the equation of state, are also covered. The chapter concludes with an analysis of work and free energies, examining their interrelation and impact on equilibrium states.

Pages: 30

This chapter examines the properties and behaviors of balanced substance mixtures, focusing on partial molal properties and their influence on overall mixture qualities. It explores the chemical potential and fugacity in real gas mixtures, essential for understanding substances’ tendencies in mixtures. Key equilibrium concepts like Henry's Law and the Lewis-Randall Rule are highlighted, alongside activity coefficients and their role in indicating deviations from ideal behavior. The chapter also discusses ideal solutions, particularly those adhering to Raoult's Law, and analyzes excess properties and Gibbs energy in binary mixtures. By the end, readers should grasp the Lewis-Randall Rule, Henry's Law, ideal solutions under Raoult's Law, and the significance of fugacity and chemical potential in mixture analysis.

Pages: 26

This chapter focuses on chemical reaction equilibria and their implications. It covers equilibrium criteria essential for predicting reaction behaviors and the equilibrium constant, which measures reaction extent. The chapter emphasizes Gibbs free energy changes, highlighting reaction spontaneity and equilibrium, and explores the Third Law of Thermodynamics, relevant to substances at absolute zero. It also examines isochoric, adiabatic combustion, and steady flow combustion processes, crucial in engineering. Key takeaways include calculating adiabatic flame temperatures, understanding the Third Law, and interpreting reaction kinetics through equilibrium constants. Maple-ThermophysicalData package is exhibited to find the adiabatic flame temperature.